Web3
Gas optimization in Solidity occupies a strange position: everyone knows it matters, but few teams treat gas costs as something to test and track. The result is contracts that ship with unnecessary gas costs, regressions that sneak in during refactoring, and "optimizations" that make no measurable difference. Treating
Web3
Most smart contract bugs are not exotic zero-days. They are well-understood vulnerability patterns — reentrancy, unchecked return values, integer overflow, dangerous delegatecall — that show up repeatedly because developers write the same mistakes in different projects. Slither, the static analysis framework from Trail of Bits, exists specifically to catch these
Web3
The ERC-20 standard is deceptively simple. Nine functions, two events, a few rules about return values — it reads like a two-hour implementation job. But a production ERC-20 token with extensions (burnable, mintable, permit, votes, pausable) touches enough edge cases that incomplete test suites routinely ship tokens with
Smart Contract Testing
Most Web3 testing guides cover smart contract unit tests or frontend component tests in isolation. But users experience your dApp end-to-end: they connect a wallet, click a button, wait for a transaction, and see the updated state. If any part of that chain breaks, they lose money or
Smart Contract Testing
Cross-chain bridges have been the most catastrophically exploited category of smart contracts. Ronin Bridge ($625M), Wormhole ($320M), Nomad ($190M), Harmony Horizon ($100M) — a combined $2+ billion drained in 18 months. The bugs differ, but the pattern is consistent: insufficient validation of messages crossing chain boundaries. This guide covers how
Testing
Integration testing for Web3 applications verifies that your application code correctly interacts with smart contracts under realistic conditions. Using ethers.js with a local Hardhat node gives you fast, deterministic tests with full control over blockchain state. Mainnet forking adds real protocol state when you need to test against live