Approval Testing
The problem with complex outputs isn't that they're hard to test — it's that the obvious way to test them is wrong. When your API endpoint returns a JSON object with twenty fields, the instinct is to assert on each one: assertEquals(result.status, "
Testing Strategies
Both A/B testing and shadow testing run new code against real production traffic. Both are used to validate changes before full rollout. Both require infrastructure to split or duplicate traffic. But they solve different problems, expose real users to different levels of risk, and produce different kinds of evidence.
AI Testing
Multi-agent systems do not fail the way ordinary software fails. A single misrouted request, a tool that returns an unexpected shape, or a termination condition that never fires can cascade into hours of wasted compute and completely wrong outputs — with no stack trace to show for it. Testing them